Data are based on fieldwork in East Java, primarily Surabaya and environs (Lamongan, Gresik, and Sidoarjo), 2007–2012. As a case study, dangdut koplo illustrates the discourse and practice of genre formation in post-reformasi Indonesia. Dangdut koplo crystallized in the mid-1990s in conjunction with the changing landscape of politics and economics, greater access to technology, lack of enforcement on locally produced recordings, and the decentralization of the music industry. Dangdut koplo is characterized by its distinctive drum pattern, fast tempo, genre-bending arrangements, and eroticized style of dance. Regional forms of dangdut exhibit an intensified level of artistic creativity by incorporating regional languages, musical elements, and/or performance practices. Dangdut koplo (or Koplo) is a regional form of dangdut (dangdut daerah) from East Java. This article explores the concept of genre and counter-genre in music by examining the nature and practice of dangdut koplo in relation to dangdut, its dominant progenitor.
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